List of Footnotes
1 | An interesting, unanswered question is if there are any missing populations of black holes, e.g., “intermediate” mass black
holes in the range ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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2 | ![]() |
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3 | Radiant power in astrophysics is traditionally called “luminosity.” At the Eddington luminosity,
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4 | Observations of black holes may eventually cast light on the quantum gravity structure of the physical vacuum [3![]() |
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5 | Strictly speaking, this statement is only true for nearly spherical gravity sources. Higher order (octopole) moments allow for the formation of an ISCO, even in Newtonian theory [15]. | |
6 | Astrophysical black holes do not themselves radiate. The temperature associated with Hawking radiation is
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7 | The rate ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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8 | This makes black hole accretion the most efficient energy generation process in the universe, short of matter-antimatter annihilation. | |
9 | Note that there is an analogy with stars, where there are three timescales – dynamical, thermal, and nuclear – which for
most of the life of a star obey ![]() |
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10 | The slow rotation cases are sometimes referred to as “Bondi flows” in honor of Bondi’s pioneering works on spherically-symmetric (non-rotating) accretion [50]. | |
11 | “Well, in our country,“ said Alice, still panting a little, “you’d generally get to somewhere else if you run very fast for a long time, as we’ve been doing.” “A slow sort of country!” said the Queen. “Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.” | |
12 | For a congruence of observers (or particles or photons) with four velocity ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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13 | For the benefit of readers who are unfamiliar with the phenomenology of relativistic jets we mention that many jets demonstrate incredibly consistent collimation, even along hundreds or thousands of kiloparsecs (e.g. [114]). From this we can infer that such jets have maintained their orientation and outflow for millions of years. | |
14 | Radio loud AGN are ![]() |
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15 | It is quite remarkable that the mathematical theory describing resonances makes some very general predictions about the behavior of frequencies and amplitudes, even if the specific physical properties of the oscillating objects are not known. To some extent it is possible to accurately describe how things oscillate without even knowing what is oscillating. | |
16 | The mathematical foundations of the resonance model are described and discussed in a special issue of the Astronomische Nachrichten [2]. |