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Doug Hensley
The Geometry of Badly Approximable Vectors
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Published: |
December 6, 2001
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Keywords: |
badly approximable vector, distribution mod 1, translates of a lattice |
Subject: |
11J71 primary; 11K31, 11K36, 11K38, 11J13, 11J69, 11A55 and 11H99, secondary |
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Abstract
A vector v=(v1,v2,..., vk) in Rk is
ε-badly approximable if for all m, and for
1≦ j≦ k, the distance ||mvj|| from mvj to the nearest
integer satisfies ||mvj||>ε m-1/k. A badly
approximable vector is a vector that is ε-badly
approximable for some ε>0. For the case of k=1, these
are just the badly approximable numbers, that is, the ones with a
continued fraction expansion for which the partial quotients are
bounded. One main result is that if v is a badly
approximable vector in Rk then as x→∞ there
is a lattice Λ(v,x), said lattice not too terribly
far from cubic, so that most of the multiples kv mod 1, 1≦
k≦ x, of v fall into one of O(x1/(k+1)) translates
of Λ(v,x). Each translate of this lattice has on the
order of xk/(k+1) of these elements. The lattice has a basis
in which the basis vectors each have length comparable to
x-1/(k+1), and can be listed in order so that the angle
between each, and the subspace spanned by those prior to it in the
list, is bounded below by a constant, so that the determinant of
Λ(v,x) is comparable to x-k/(k+1).
A second main result is that given a badly approximable vector
v=(v1,v2,..., vk), for all sufficiently large x there
exist integer vectors nj,1≦ j≦ k+1∈ Zk+1 with
euclidean norms comparable to x, so that the angle, between each
nj and the span of the ni with i<j, is
comparable to x-1-1/k, and the angle between (v1,v2,...,
vk,1) and each nj is likewise comparable to
x-1-1/k. The determinant of of the matrix with rows
nj,1≦ j≦ k+1 is bounded. This is analogous to what is
known for badly approximable numbers α but for the case
k=1 we can arrange that the determinant be always 1.
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Author information
Department of Mathematics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3368
Doug.Hensley@math.tamu.edu
http://www.math.tamu.edu/~doug.hensley/
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